9 Identities , Roles , and Social Institutions

We locate the micro-foundations of social order in the cultural meanings of institutional identities and roles, the daily enactment of which ensures social order through the continual reproduction and legitimation of social institutions. Following discussion of a general conceptual model, we discuss two complementary, micro-level explanations of social order: a cognitive approach combining a classic micro-sociological theory of institutions with a recent method for analyzing the causal structures of social actions in institutional settings; and an affective approach based on affect control theory. We then present two analyses illustrating specifi c sectors of our conceptual model. The fi rst deals with cognitive meanings, showing how social institutions are present as associative structures within individuals’ minds, enabling them to defi ne situations in institutional contexts. The second demonstrates how the evaluation, potency, and activity dimensions of affective meaning employed by affect control theory correspond to the structure of interdependence relations as represented in game matrices. In the augmented symbolic interactionist perspective that we present here, human activities are stimulated and maintained by cognitive and affective meanings, and change emerges as new human activities evolve or are consciously designed in ways that instigate new meanings. This symbolic interactionism is “augmented” in that it incorporates affective meanings along with cognitive meanings, and it allows for multiple kinds of human activities, from various kinds of thought to individual behavior to coordinated group actions. In this framework, cognitive experiences of successive generations accumulate as practical knowledge (Berger and Luckmann 1966 ), while emotional experiences accumulate as cultural sentiments (Heise 2007 ; MacKinnon and Heise 2010 ). Through socialization, individuals internalize both kinds of 9781107076754book_pi-322.indd 165 8/25/2015 3:01:45 PM Heise, MacKinnon, and Scholl 166 cultural meaning; and by employing practical knowledge and cultural sentiments to guide and motivate their interpersonal activities, they ensure the continual reproduction of the organized activities that embody society. Social order is the outcome of complex, reciprocal relations among cultural and social processes at different levels of analysis, as portrayed in Figure 9.1 , from MacKinnon and Heise’s 2010 book. MacKinnon and Heise used this fi gure to explain the construction and interplay of selves and social institutions, but a lot of conceptual territory was left unanalyzed in their presentation. In this chapter, we employ Figure 9.1 as a theoretical scaffold for explaining selected aspects of social order. Following a review and elaboration of the general conceptual model portrayed in Figure 9.1 , we present two more detailed examinations of linkages represented in the model. The fi rst deals with cognitive meanings, combining ideas from Berger and Luckmann’s ( 1966 ) theory of social reality with event structure analysis (Heise 2014a , 1989 ; Heise and Durig 1997 ), and uses a form of meaning analysis introduced by MacKinnon and Heise ( 2010 ). This shows for the fi rst time that major social institutions are present as structures of association within individuals’ minds, so individuals are able to defi ne situations in terms of the cultural templates for social institutions. The second examination deals with affective meanings as developed in affect control theory (Heise I-You Dialogues Me’s Selves Interpersonal Activities Identities Roles Organized Actions Social Institutions Objectified Meanings Embodied Processes